Manufacturing Industry Class 10 CBSE Notes Geography

Manufacturing Industries

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

 Importance of Manufacturing Industries :

(1)        Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(2)           Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(3)           It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(4)           Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in the much needed foreign exchange.

(5)           Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Figure

Interdependence of Agriculture and industry

Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. The move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assistedagriculture in increasing its production but also made the production processes very efficient.

Industrial Location

Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by the availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place.

Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies.

In the pre-Independence period, most manufacturing units were located in places from the point of view of overseas trade such as Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai etc. Consequently, there emerged certain pockets of industrially developed urban centres surrounded by a huge agricultural rural hinterland.

Figure 

Classification of industries 

On the basis of source of raw materials used :

•             Agro based : cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.

•             Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

Agro and Mineral Based Industry

S.No.	Agro-Based Industry	Mineral-Based Industry
1.	The industries which obtain raw materials from agriculture are called agro-based industries.	Industries based on minerals for their raw materials are termed as minerals-based industries.
2.	These industries provide employment in rural areas	They provide employment both to rural and urban labour
3.	Agro-based industries are mostly in private or cooperative sectors.	These industries are generally located in public sector due to huge investments involved.
4.	Examples – Jute, Sugar, Cotton, Textile, Vegetable Oil and Plantation.	Examples – Iron and steel industry, machine tools industry.

According to their main role:

•             Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

•            Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

•             On the basis of capital investment :

              A small scale industry  is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large scale industry.

Large and Small Scale Industries

S.No.	Large Scale  Industry	Small Scale  Industry
1.	Large scale industries are those industries which manufacture huge quantities of finished goods.	These industries manufacture finished goods in small quantities.
2.	Here quantity of raw material and capital investment is very large and huge.	No huge quantity of raw material and capital is required in these industries.
3.	Labour is required in large numbers.	Labour is required in limited numbers.
4.	Women workers are not generally employed in these industries.	Women workers are employed in large numbers.
5.	Examples : Iron and steel industry, cotton textile industry, cement industry.	Examples : Garments industry, Hosiery industry, Television and Radio industry.

On the basis of ownership:

•          Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

•          Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

•          Joint sector  industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is   jointly owned by public and private sectors.

•          Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Co-operative Sector and Private Sector Industries

S.No.	Co-operative Sector Industries	Private Sector Industries
1.	Industries owned by a group of entrepreneurs who have pooled their resources for mutual benefit are termed as Co-operative Sector industries	Industries owned totally by private persons are termed as private sector industries.
2.	They work whole-heartedly to maximise their profits.	They also work hard for their own benefits.
3.	Example : Sugar industry in Maharashtra	Example : TISCO, Dabur Cotton textile industry in India.

S.No.	Public Sector Industries	Cooperative Sector Industries
1.	The industries which are owned and controlled by State Govt. or the central Govt. are called Public Sector Industries	The industries which are owned and controlled by the producers of raw materials by forming cooperative societies are called cooperative sector industries.
2.	Government manages huge capital for the industries. Hence investment in public sector industries is very huge.	Private producers of raw materials by forming cooperative societies pool their small resources into making them viable. Hence investment in these industries is not huge.
3.	These industries are managed by employees appointed by the Government. Hence management of these industries is in the hands of government servants	These industries are managed by cooperative societies.

Agro Based Industries

Textile Industry :

The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation (35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. It is the only industry in the country, which is self–reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

(A)       Cotton Textiles:

In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century, power–looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill–made cloth from England.

1. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation.
2. The industry by creating demand supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
3. While spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery etc.
4. India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, next to China.
5. We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of the total trade. However, our trade in garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s total.
6. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry.

Jute Textiles

1. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There are about 70 jute mills in India.
2. Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.
3. Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.
4. In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality,ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K.. and Australia. The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Sugar Industry

1. India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
2. There are over 460 sugar mills in the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
3. In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially inMaharashtra. This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
4. Major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of bagasse : Fibrous matter that remains after sugarcan stalks are crushed, it is used as a bio-buel.

Mineral based Industries 

Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.

Iron and Steel Industry

1. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
2. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
3. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
4. Today with 32.8 million tonnes of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers. In spite of large quantity of production of steel, per capita consumption per annum is only 32 kg.
5. Presently, there are 10 primary integrated and many mini steel plants in India.
6. All public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) while TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.
7. Today, China is the largest producer. China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel which accounted for 2.25 per cent of the global steel trade.
8. Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry.
9. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
10. India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world. Yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to: (a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregular supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure.
11. Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

Aluminium Smelting

1. Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
2. It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
3. There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the country located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
4. Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
5. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry.

Chemical Industries

1. The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP.
2. It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in terms of its size. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
3. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
4. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes, stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
5. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye–stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
6. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Fertiliser Industry

1. The fertiliser industy is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K).
2. The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash of potasssium compounds in any form.
3. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate as a by–product and 68 other small units produce single superphosphate.
4. At present, there are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
5. After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half the fertiliser production.

Cement Industry

1. This industry requireds bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
2. The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
3. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After independence the industry expanded. There are 128 largeplants and 332 mini cement plants in the country. India produces a variety of cement.
4. Improvement in the quality has found the produce a readily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country.

Automobile Industry

1. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three wheelers.
2. This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments.
3. At present, there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multiutility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of  and three–wheelers.
4. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

Information Technology and  Electronics Industry    

1. Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts.
2. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
3. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

1. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.

                Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air–borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long–term effects.

                Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo–gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

                Noise pollution  not only results in irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects, unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

Control of Environmental Degradation

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are–

(i)    minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

(ii)   harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.

(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.

(a)   Primary treatment by mechanical means– This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

(b)   Secondary treatment by biological process.

(c)   Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

New Terms

(1)           Manufacturing Industries : Manufacturing industries are the organised human efforts to convert a primary product into secondary one and make it more useful and value-added. Example : Iron and steel industry.

(2)           Industrial Products  are those products that come into existence as a result of reprocessing the primary products. Examples: Sugar, cloth, petrol etc.

(3)           Private Sector Industries are the industries which are controlled and owned by a few people or firms or companies are known as Private Sector Industries. Examples : Tata iron and steel industry.

(4)           Public Sector Industries are the industries which are owned by the State government or Central Government. Examples:  IISCO, HEC, BHEL

(5)           Co-operative Sector Industries :Cooperative sector industries are the  undertakings which are owned or organised by a group of people who  are also the producers of the raw material and help in running industries by co-operating with one another. Example : Sugar industry or Maharashtra.

(6)           Joint Sector Industries : Joint sector industries are owned both by the state and some private industrialists/firms. Examples: Iron and steel industry.

(7)           Basic Industries : Basic industries are those industries which serve as a base to many other industries. Example : Iron and steel industry.

(8)           Consumer Industries : The industries which mainly produce the commodities of consumption are known as consumer industries. Examples : Textiles, cold drinks.

(9)           Heavy Industries : The industries using heavy raw material and manufacturing finished products are called heavy industries. High transportation cost is another feature of these industries. Example Railway engine.

(10)         Light Industries : The industries using light raw material and making light finished products in weight are  known as light industries. Example : Vanaspati industry.

(11)         Large scale Industries : The industries employing large number of persons in each unit and having large production levels are called large scale industries. Example : Cotton textile

(12)         Small scale industries : The industries employing small number of persons and investing capital of  up to Rs. 1 crore are called small scale industries. Example : Readymade garments.

(13)         Village Industry: The industry in which the finished products are consumed in the local areas is known as village industry.

(14)         Cottage Industry : Cottage  industry means an industry in which artisans work on wood, tusk, brass, gold, silver and stone in the house itself.

(15)         Agro based Industries : The industries converting the agricultural products into industrial products are known as agro based industries. Example : Sugar, cotton textile industry

(16)         Mineral based industries : The industries in which mined products are processed and turned into finished goods are called  mineral -based industries. Example : Iron and steel industry.

(17)         Foreign Exchange : Foreign exchange is the media through which one country purchases goods from other countries  ofthe world.  Example : U.S. Dollar.

(18)         Territorial Specialisation : Territorial specialisation is the state of specialisation in manufacturing in which one territory specialises in one item or items. Example : Maharashtra and Gujarat Cotton Textiles.

(19)         Integrated Steel Plants : The steel plants which are large and handle everything in one complex-from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping are called integrated steel plants.

Add to your knowledge

(1)          Manufacturing comprises production of goods in large  quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.

(2)           Industries can be classified on the basis of  varied criteria. On the basis of source of raw materials used we have agro based (cotton , jute, sugar) and mineral based (Iron and steel, cement); on the basis of their main role as basic or key (Iron and steel, aluminium something) and consumer industries  (sugar, paper, fan); on the basis of capital investment as small -scale investment upto one crore rupees and large-scale industries (investment more than one crore rupees); on the basis of ownership as public sector (BHEL, SAIL), private sector (TISCO,  Dabur), Joint sector (OIL), Cooperative Sector (Sugar Industry in Maharashtra, Coir industry in Kerala)on the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods as heavy (Iron and steel) and  Light industries (Electrical industries)

(3)         The first cement factory was set up in 1904 at  Chennai in India. Kapurthala is famous for the railway integral coach factory and Anantnag in Jammu and Kashmir for silk weaving industry.

(4)         Sindri is famous for fertilizer industry (Ammonium Sulphate)

(5)         Chhotanagpur Plateau is a treasure of  iron-ore. Bihar, West Bengal and  Orissa are rich in iron-ore coal,.a  prerequisite of the iron and steel industry coal. Is available in areas of  Bihar and West Bengal.     

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